Explain why charged particles

Through high-energy colliders, standard models are verified experimentally. Moreover, the cutting-edge and important research topic of flavor particle physics to search for new physics via charged particles that appears in the different extension of standard model is presented in this book.

The latest research on analysis of ultrahigh-energy muon using pair-meter technique is also presented in Geant4 simulation study for iron plates. In this study, the feasibility for detection of high-energy muons at the underground iron calorimeter detector is demonstrated. The basic aim of this study is to detect high-energy muons 1— TeV. The idea of the Eloisatron to Pevatron is also included in this book. Charged particles interact with electrons and atom nuclei via Coulomb force, also called electrostatic force.

When two charges are placed near to each other, they will be repulsed if they have the same charge or attract each other if they are of opposite charges.

Thus, when accelerated charged particle moves in materials, it interacts with orbital electron and nuclei via Coulomb interaction depending on its energy. This interaction leads to atomic displacement. At very high energy, nuclear reactions can be produced and give rise to new particles neutron, proton alpha, gamma rays.

The basic interaction process of charged particle with matter is well known, and much performed detectors are now available. So ion beam is actually used in several applications. Electrostatic waves in magnetized electron-positron plasmas are covered in this book where the behavior of arbitrary amplitude of electrostatic wave propagation in electron-positron plasma is discussed.

The well-known fluid and kinetic approaches have been used to describe linear waves, whereas the nonlinear analysis of ESW is done via fluid modeling. Apart from the high-energy particle physics, charged bodies are also included in this book such as immune effects of negative charged particles dominated by indoor air conditions and many others.

Several techniques of ion beam analysis IBA are being used for the study of the chemical composition and structure of surfaces, interface, and thin layers and are explained as below.

From the conservation laws of energy and momentum and the known Rutherford cross section, it is possible to deduce the mass M 2 and estimate its abundance [ 7 , 8 ].

The NRA technique is very useful as a tool for the detection and profiling of light elements. The fast charged particle few MeV initiates a nuclear reaction with target atom.

The reaction products are characteristic for this reaction and can be used to identify the target atom and its concentration. This reaction produces alpha particle and excited 12 C isotope. When He ion alpha particle interacts with material containing hydrogen H and deuterium D , the H and D will be scattered in the forward direction. From the detection of the forwarded H and D, one can measure the quantitative depth profiling of these elements in the material.

Similar experiments can be performed using heavy ion beam to study light element profiling. Ion beam of energy typically 1—2 MeV induces ionization of the target atom. If the ejected electron belongs to K-shell, an X-ray characteristic of the irradiated element is emitted.

Using this technique, qualitative and quantitative analysis can be used where the trace element of about 1 ppm can be achieved [ 9 ]. Negatively charged particles, for example electrons will move in the opposite direction to the arrow. Here are two bar magnets with iron filings showing magnetic attraction between opposite poles:. Electric fields All electrically charged objects have an electric field around them.

There are two types of electrical charge: positive negative In an electric field a charged particle, or charged object, experiences a force. With this in mind: If two objects with the same charge are brought towards each other the force produced will be repulsive, it will push them apart. If two objects with opposite charges are brought towards each other the force will be attractive, it will pull them towards each other. Louvre museum. If we could increase the magnetic field applied in the region, this would shorten the time even more.

The path the particles need to take could be shortened, but this may not be economical given the experimental setup. Check Your Understanding A uniform magnetic field of magnitude 1. Helical Motion in a Magnetic Field A proton enters a uniform magnetic field of with a speed of At what angle must the magnetic field be from the velocity so that the pitch of the resulting helical motion is equal to the radius of the helix?

Strategy The pitch of the motion relates to the parallel velocity times the period of the circular motion, whereas the radius relates to the perpendicular velocity component. After setting the radius and the pitch equal to each other, solve for the angle between the magnetic field and velocity or. Solution The pitch is given by Figure , the period is given by Figure , and the radius of circular motion is given by Figure.

Note that the velocity in the radius equation is related to only the perpendicular velocity, which is where the circular motion occurs. Therefore, we substitute the sine component of the overall velocity into the radius equation to equate the pitch and radius:.

Significance If this angle were only parallel velocity would occur and the helix would not form, because there would be no circular motion in the perpendicular plane. If this angle were only circular motion would occur and there would be no movement of the circles perpendicular to the motion. That is what creates the helical motion.

At a given instant, an electron and a proton are moving with the same velocity in a constant magnetic field. Compare the magnetic forces on these particles. Compare their accelerations. The magnitude of the proton and electron magnetic forces are the same since they have the same amount of charge.

The direction of these forces however are opposite of each other. The accelerations are opposite in direction and the electron has a larger acceleration than the proton due to its smaller mass.

Does increasing the magnitude of a uniform magnetic field through which a charge is traveling necessarily mean increasing the magnetic force on the charge? Does changing the direction of the field necessarily mean a change in the force on the charge? An electron passes through a magnetic field without being deflected. What do you conclude about the magnetic field? If a charged particle moves in a straight line, can you conclude that there is no magnetic field present?

How could you determine which pole of an electromagnet is north and which pole is south? One possibility for such a futuristic energy source is to store antimatter charged particles in a vacuum chamber, circulating in a magnetic field, and then extract them as needed. Antimatter annihilates normal matter, producing pure energy. What strength magnetic field is needed to hold antiprotons, moving at in a circular path 2. Antiprotons have the same mass as protons but the opposite negative charge.

What positive charge is on the ion?